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Use of antiretroviral therapy and risk of end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-positive persons.

Type of publication Peer-reviewed
Publikationsform Original article (peer-reviewed)
Author Ryom Lene, Lundgren Jens Dilling, De Wit Stéphane, Kovari Helen, Reiss Peter, Law Matthew, El-Sadr Wafa, Monforte Antonella D'Arminio, Mocroft Amanda, Smith Colette, Fontas Eric, Dabis Francois, Phillips Andrew, Sabin Caroline, D:A:D Study Group,
Project Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS)
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Original article (peer-reviewed)

Journal AIDS (London, England)
Volume (Issue) 30(11)
Page(s) 1731 - 43
Title of proceedings AIDS (London, England)
DOI 10.1097/qad.0000000000001018

Open Access

URL https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001018
Type of Open Access Repository (Green Open Access)

Abstract

Although several antiretroviral drugs, including the d-drugs stavudine (d4T) and didanosine (ddI), may cause biomarker-defined hepatotoxicity, their association with clinically defined end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. Prospective cohort study. Data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs study (D:A:D) participants were followed until the first of ESLD (variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome or liver transplantation), HCC (histology or α-fetoprotein along with imaging), death, 6 months after last visit or 1 February 2014. Associations between ESLD/HCC and cumulative use of individual antiretrovirals were investigated using Poisson regression adjusting for potential confounders. During a median follow-up of 8.4 years, 319 ESLD/HCC cases occurred [incidence 1.01/1000 person-years (95% confidence interval 0.90-1.12)] with a 1-year mortality rate of 62.6%. After adjustment, cumulative (per 5 years) exposure to d4T [relative rate 1.46 (95% confidence interval 1.20-1.77)], ddI [1.32 (1.07-1.63)], tenofovir [TDF, 1.46 (1.11-1.93)] and (fos)amprenavir [APV; 1.47 (1.01-2.15)] was associated with increased ESLD/HCC rates. Longer exposure to emtricitabine [0.51 (0.32-0.83)] and nevirapine [0.76 (0.58-0.98)] were associated with lower ESLD/HCC rates. The ddI/d4T-associated increased ESLD/HCC rate only started to decline 6 years after cessation. Cumulative use of d4T, ddI, TDF and APV were independently associated with increased ESLD/HCC rates, and intensified monitoring of liver function should hence be considered among all individuals exposed for longer time periods. The use of d-drugs should furthermore be avoided, where there are alternatives available, and focus should be put on those with longer-term d-drugs exposure who remain at increased ESLD/HCC risk. The unexpected, and viral hepatitis-independent, TDF association calls for further investigations.
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