Transgenic mice; Human; Regeneration; Heart; Enhancer; Long noncoding RNAs; Physiology
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In the Western world, cardiovascular diseases represent a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Heart failure in particular is evolving into a global epidemic. Despite the development of new therapies, no approaches currently exist to reverse the loss of cardiomyocytes in the failing heart. The only option for end-stage heart failure remains heart transplantation, which is limited due to the increased demand and scarcity of donor hearts. Medicine is therefore in need of rapid innovation. In this context, one area that has engendered considerable interest over the last decade is the premise of inducing regeneration in the damaged heart. Cardiac myocytes could be reprogrammed in situ to reenter the cell cycle. In addition, cardiac precursor cells could be manipulated to favor conversion into functional cardiomyocytes. Both strategies aim at producing newly formed cardiomyocytes.Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a class of RNAs with no apparent protein-coding potential. LncRNAs are emerging as master regulators of gene expression. LncRNAs appear to function during development to repress non-appropriate gene networks through the recruitment of repressive chromatin modifying complexes. In addition, lncRNAs, which are transcribed from active enhancer sequences (enhancer-associated lncRNAs), contribute to neighboring gene activation via cis-mechanisms.In the heart, lncRNAs are emerging as key regulators of programming and reprogramming of cardiac cells during development and in adulthood. In a first study, we have used very deep RNA sequencing to profile the noncoding transcriptome in the mouse heart after myocardial infarction. We have identified 1500 novel lncRNAs via RNA Seq and ab initio reconstruction. We also integrated publically available genome-wide data sets to functionally characterize lncRNAs and associate them with specific cardiac pathological processes. The vast majority of newly discovered heart-specific lncRNAs were predominantly derived from enhancer sequences. More recently, we have applied this strategy to analysis various lncRNA transcriptomes in mouse embryonic stem cells or human cardiac precursor cells differentiating into cardiomyocytes. We have therefore generated several catalogs of novel lncRNAs, which contains hundreds of candidates and can be screened for identifying lncRNAs demonstrating functional importance during cardiac cell programming and reprogramming.Our main objective is therefore to identify lncRNAs from our catalogs, which could be targeted to induce adult mouse cardiomyocyte proliferation and/or cardiogenic differentiation in human cardiac precursor cells. We will first bioinformatically preselect candidates from the lncRNA catalogs based on predicted function in relevant biological situations. We will next design modified antisense oligonucleotide inhibitors (GapmeRs) to specifically target the selected lncRNAs. GapmeRs will be systematically evaluated for their capacity to induce reprogramming in high throughput functional assays. We propose to deplete lncRNAs to alleviate repression of particular states, and facilitate reprogramming. Therapeutic depletion of candidate lncRNAs is indeed desirable for both biological and technical reasons. In addition, because of the stringent selection of candidate lncRNAs, GapmeR-based therapies will target only highly cell-specific lncRNAs. Off-target effects are de facto excluded because no cell types are expected to express the targeted lncRNAs, making these therapeutic agents ideal for translation in the clinic. Thus, experiments will be designed to validate in vivo findings obtained from functional screens performed in vitro, and evaluate the capacity of identified GapmeRs to induce regeneration in the adult heart.