morphosyntax; English; Italian; French; Romansh; media studies; writing strategies; critical discourse analysis; WhatsApp; German; linguistic variation; argument drop; verbal periphrases; emojis; WhatsApp messages; Emojis; mobile communication
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The overall aim of this Sinergia project is to provide a substantial investigation of the most important form of graphic (i.e. based on letters, signs and reading, not on sounds) mobile communication in Switzerland (and Europe) at the moment, i.e. WhatsApp. Up to now there has been almost no systematic research on this new omnipresent form of mobile messaging, despite intense media coverage of the topic (Google hits as of 10/01/2015: Neue Zürcher Zeitung: 2’470; Le Matin: 899; Tagesanzeiger: 10’300). It is a form of communication, however, that is particularly prone to individualized uses leading to specific forms of ‘language-design’ in a broad sense. It is apparent that writers now have at their disposal the technical tools for creating (i.e. designing) complex, multimodal and highly individualized texts, disrupting the limits of (standard) languages, genres or modalities and reyling instead on style. Therefore, our two common research goals are as follows: 1. A thorough description and explanation, as register-specific features and/or results of linguistic change, of some selected linguistic and graphical features of Swiss WhatsApp messages, as such (globally) and as individual preferences; 2. A qualitative analysis of individual statements in using and speaking / writing about Whats App (users and the media).This is highly relevant in three fundamental aspects: 1. Nothing is presently known about the linguistic and communicative properties of WhatsApp messages, neither for the four national languages of Switzerland, nor for any other region, and this despite its omnipresence in modern mobile societies. 2. There is a unique added value in specialists of French, (Swiss) German, Italian, Romansh and discourse studies working together on a common database feeding into the thematic domains of register-specific variation and (individual) style; 3. Very concretely, we will provide the first large-scale multilingual open resource of WhatsApp messages (about 5 million tokens), annotated for languages, parts of speech etc., plus a Digital Discourse Database on media reports (sub-project D), all under a creative common license. Morphosyntactic and graphematic, identity-bound, and ideological aspects of Swiss WhatsApp communication in the four national languages of Switzerland and their varieties will be taken into account in four sub-projects as well but not exclusively, in comparison to the findings on Swiss SMS in the SMS project scientifically related to the present proposal (cf. Sinergia-Project “SMS communication in Switzerland: Facets of linguistic variation in a multilingual country”, CRSII1_136230, hereafter: SMS project). This investigation will be based on a common database, the already established collection of Swiss WhatsApp data (gathered in summer 2014, cf. http://www.whatsup-switzerland.ch, 838,238 messages) which will be treated by taking advantage of the acquired expertise in corpus linguistics, computational linguistics and comparative approaches to non-standard graphic data in the SMS project.As the technology of mobile messaging has changed fundamentally since the first introduction of mobile phones and the Short Message Service in the late nineties (cf. Dürscheid/Frick 2014), mainly reinforcing the interactive dimension (for its relevance for linguistic change, see Herring 2012, Trudgill 2014), we ask the overall question:How is the language in Swiss WhatsApp messages designed and evaluated?Two overarching questions will guide our research work: 1. What do Swiss WhatsApp messages look like? What has changed overall between Swiss SMS and Swiss WhatsApp messages, and why (as regards linguistic structures, use of images in a broad sense, spelling, register-specific style, individualization vs. accomodation)? 2. What is said / done by the individual users and the media in/on WhatsApp messages and chats, in relation to the findings for question 1? Moreover, this project will look at mobile messaging via WhatsApp in four respects: in sub-project A, “Language(s) of WhatsApp: Verbal Periphrases and Argument Drop”, two optional salient linguistic structures in French, (Swiss) German, Italian (and partially Romansh) WhatsApp messages will be investigated: argument drop (already investigated in the SMS project), and the use of progressive verbal periphrases, in order to find out whether they are register-specific features (in the sense of Biber 1995) or mainly technologically provoked structures. Within the two axes of sub-project B, “Language Design in WhatsApp: Icono/Graphy”, we will have a look at changes in graphic strategies enabled by new correction software, virtual keyboards, and especially new sets of iconographic signs (emojis) across linguistic communities, as well as the specific function of these in shaping communicative identity. Sub-project C, “Individuals in WhatsApp”, will intensify this look at the individuals by investigating the features analyzed in sub-projects A and B plus patterns of code-switching as variables at the level of the individual rather than the sociolinguistically defined group, focusing on Swiss German dialects and patterns of accommodation in interaction. And finally, sub-project D, „Ideologies: The Cultural Discourses and Social Meanings of Mobile Communication“, will describe and analyze the public discourse on graphic mobile communication via WhatsApp (and SMS), trying to pin down the way Switzerland looks at the revolutionary developments in our communicative behavior and its evaluation by the media. In all four sub-projects, the comparative approach, i.e. the close examination of data from the four national languages of Switzerland and some of their varieties, is crucial. The project unites specialists on morphosyntactic, graphematic, individual variation and discourse studies in the four national languages of Switzerland, so that they can together draw a multifaceted picture of WhatsApp usage in multi-lingual Switzerland.