induced-pluripotent stem cells; multiple sclerosis; T lymphocytes; antigen-presenting cells; B lymphocytes; cytokines
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Merienne Nicolas, Vachey Gabriel, de Longprez Lucie, Meunier Cécile, Zimmer Virginie, Perriard Guillaume, Canales Mathieu, Mathias Amandine, Herrgott Lucas, Beltraminelli Tim, Maulet Axelle, Dequesne Thomas, Pythoud Catherine, Rey Maria, Pellerin Luc, Brouillet Emmanuel, Perrier Anselme L., du Pasquier Renaud, Déglon Nicole (2017), The Self-Inactivating KamiCas9 System for the Editing of CNS Disease Genes, in
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of neurological disability in young adults following trauma. Several immunomodulatory drugs, possibly slowing MS progression, are now available. However, there is no cure for the disease. This situation most likely reflects the fact that one does not know precisely the cause(s) of MS. Important improvement has been obtained in the understanding of the function of individual actors of the immune response. For instance, it is well established that T cells are key features in MS pathogenesis. Yet, the mere characterization of a single cell type will not allow obtaining a comprehensive view of the complex immunopathogenesis of MS. Such integrative studies can of course be better realized in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model (EAE) of MS, but EAE certainly does not recapitulate all the aspects of MS. Yet, relatively little has been done, in human MS, to attempt at understanding the interaction between the different immune actors. Another major limitation when one try to understand the pathogenesis of this disease is the very limited access to the central nervous system (CNS), which is though where the disease takes place. Recently, to examine what stands upstream from T cell activation, we have studied in detail the phenotype and activation level of different antigen-presenting cells (B cells and monocytes). We found that, as compared to control subjects, the ex-vivo profile of B cells of MS patients was characterized by enhanced antigen presenting capacities and decreased basal secretion of major cytokines (IL-6, TNF-? and IL-1?). These data suggest that B cells of MS patients may significantly influence the phenotype and activation profile of T cells. In parallel, to eventually obtain a chance to look at what stands downstream from T cell activation, i.e. what happens in the CNS, we have developed the induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) technology in our Lab, in collaboration with the Lab or Prof. Nicole Déglon. Such a tool opens a broad new field of investigations in human MS. Indeed, among other things, it will allow us to study the interaction of activated T cells with autologous CNS target cells or to test the effect of cytokines on CNS cells. For instance, we have gathered promising preliminary data suggesting that IL-22 may have protective function on astrocytes and look forward to assess this molecule on CNS cells derived from MS patients. Specifically, to explore what stands upstream and downstream from T cell activation, we will:AIM I. Assess the antigen-presenting role of B cells to T cells in MS: the upstream partAIM II. Study the effects of T cells and cytokines on autologous CNS cells: the downstream partWe believe that these innovative experiments, integrating different systems, will not only allow to decipher the immunopathogenesis of MS, but also have the potential to lead to the discovery of neuroprotective treatments.