HIV-Infection; Tuberculosis; Opportunistic Infections; HIV Replication; Antiretroviral Therapy; Immune-Resconstitution; Prophylaxis of Opportunistic Infections; Swiss HIV Cohort Study
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Opportunistic Infections in the Era of combination ART:Collaborative Analysis of European HIV Cohort Studies1.Summary of the Research PlanThe advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) after 1996 has changed the epidemiology of opportunistic illnesses (OI) in HIV-infection substantially. cART suppresses HIV replication and leads to a marked reconstitution of immune-competence of which the CD4 lymphocyte count in peripheral blood is the classical marker. HIV-infected patients without prior OI have now a very low risk of acquiring classical HIV-associated infections, cART associated immune-reconstitution being the most potent prophylaxis against OIs.However, even in resource rich countries, a high proportion of HIV-infected persons present to clinical care in late stages of their disease with low CD4 in up to 10-20% with symptoms of an OI. In this patient group we cannot prevent a first OI. However, early start of cART still reconstitutes immune functions in these AIDS patients. These patients can stop their maintenance antimicrobial treatment against the indicator OI if they reach sustained increase of their CD4 count above defined levels. However, these levels are defined by expert panels based on data of the early cART era.Active tuberculosis (TB) as an OI in HIV Infection needs special emphasis, because TB is the most frequent OI worldwide with the highest impact on morbidity and mortality, and because even HIV-infected persons with high CD4 counts are at much higher risk of TB than HIV-negatives.We aim to address the hitherto unanswered questions:Is a history of a specific OI associated with a lesser virological, immunological or clinical response to cART and has this OI an influence on survival?Is pulmonary TB before starting cART associated with specific OIs during follow-up?Is suppression of HIV replication by cART independently of CD4 count associated with a better immune-competence against OIs?- Are the guidelines on secondary antimicrobial prophylaxis of OIs too conservative because they do not take into account viral suppression as a marker of immune-competence- Is the incidence of TB significantly lower in patients with high CD4 counts if HIV replication is suppressedSince the incidence of OIs is low in Europe, databases of single country cohorts are unlikely to be able to answer this issues. Therefore, we aim to address these question in the pan-European database of Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE). COHERE is a collaboration of 36 European HIV cohorts, includes about 250’000 HIV-infected patients and is largest collaboration of HIV cohort studies worldwide (http://etudes.isped.u-bordeaux2.fr/cohere/). The main applicant of this project is the co-leader of the research group on opportunistic infection in COHERE.