stable isotopes in the environment; climate dynamics and modelling; radionuclides; greenhouse gases; polar ice cores; water cycle; paleoclimate; groundwater
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A hierarchy of Earth System models is employed to investigate the climate system and understand past, present and future changes on time scales from decades to millions of years. The intermediate complexity models will be used to perform multi-million year simulations to test hypotheses regarding past climate change during the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution and earlier time windows such as the 40-kyr world and the times of different continental configurations. The prognostic carbon cycle in this model enables us to investigate climate transitions into and out of an ice age, and phase relations between atmospheric CO2 and temperature during the sequence of abrupt changes in the last ice age. This model will also be used for large ensemble simulations and of future climate change with a focus on climate targets under different emissions scenarios. This will yield probabilistic information on climate variables. The dynamic vegetation model including modules for nitrogen and methane, and their isotopes, will be used to better understand the emerging ice core records of these quantities. We will complete the implementation of land carbon isotopes into the a state-of-the-art Earth System Model and couple it to the ocean component. The physical part of this model will be used to investigate northern hemisphere decadal variability with a focus on precipitation in Greenland and hence assist in the interpretation of ice core records.Our contributions to the reconstruction of past climate change are primarily based on the analysis of ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica. Measurements of greenhouse gas concentrations will focus on two time windows: (i) the early Holocene, and (ii) the penultimate ice age. For CO2 these analyses will be performed with a novel Centrifugal Ice Microtome which has a significantly improved extraction efficiency of air from ice. The interhemispheric gradient of CH4 carries much information on the evolution of CH4 sources and sinks. The study will address the last ice age prior to 40 kyr before present. We will combine the concentration data with isotopic measurements of d13C of CO2 during the abrupt events of the last ice age in order to augment the constraints on possible mechanisms that explain the observed phase relationship between CO2 and temperature. High-resolution measurements of various chemical constituents are performed on the Greenland ice cores using our Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA) device. This will provide new insights into regional deposition patterns of precipitation in Greenland. The CFA device will be extended by novel modules measuring Fe and pH. New measurements of d15N of N2 on NEEM ice will be combined with existing data and so provide a first spatial information on abrupt temperature changes along a transect of deep ice cores in Greenland.Using our unique palette of radio-isotopes (14C, 81Kr, 85Kr, 37Ar, 39Ar) we contribute to dating of aquifers in Europe, Australia, Asia, and Africa. Such information is crucial to determine recharge rates and is a prerequisite to establish a timescale for aquifers which are used as paleoclimatic archives. The accuracy of Ar dating is limited by underground production which will be investigated in the coming period in several aquifers. Comparative 37Ar and 39Ar measurements and detailed mineralogical analyses of the containing rock will be performed. We will also apply our extraction facility for 81Kr measurements for the dating of very old ice in Antarctica. Most of these projects are embedded in international collaborations. A new dry extraction device for air enclosed in ice samples will be completed and transitioned into routine service. It will be used as the basic device for further CO2 analyses, in particular high-resolution measurements of ice older than 130,000 years. We also continue the development of a fast access drill for ice sheet exploration and a first field test is planned for summer 2013.